Basics of Programming : Data Types

We have seen that variables are placeholders for data. When we say data, it can be a integral
numbers like 3,5 or it can be a real number like 2.6 , 1.8.

In computer science, we define different types of data which we can store in memory location.
A data type in a programming language is set of data with predefined values. Examples include,
integers, floating point, characters, Strings etc.

Even though ultimatly everything in memory stored in terms of zeros and ones, it is not practical
 for us to code interms of zeros and ones. So to help users with programming compilers provide
programmers the data types, which are in readable data which we use in day today transactions.

The data types are categorized based on the representation in memory or the size it occupies in
memory. For example, integer takes 4 bytes ( depends on the compiler, some may take 2 bytes),
float takes 4 bytes, a character takes 1 byte.

There are two types of data types.

1. System defined data types
2. User-defined data types

System defined data types

These are primitive data types which are defined by the system. Many programming languages
provide these basic primitive data types int, float, char, bool. Double, long etc. The size of the each
data type depends on the compiler, operating system. Depending on the size of the data type,
the total available values in that specific data types will change.

For example, int may take 2 or 4 bytes, if it takes 2 bytes (16 bits) then the total possible values
are -32,768 (-215) to  32,767 (+215  -1 ). If it tales 4 bytes ( 32 bits ) then the range of values
are -231to +231-1.

User defined data types

Most of the programming languages allow user to define their own data types with the help of
primitive data types. Example for user defined data types are structures and classes.

Ex : Struct NewUserDefinedType {

             int data1;

             char data 2;

             ……

       };